Solar System by apparent size

maximum angular diameter

Theoretical maximum angular diameters of Solar System objects.

1. (34.142318167779726305388597288522 ± 0.0099504175490098189823746848993722)' (Terran Satellite Luna)
2. (32.549089711594099381629815789191 ± 0.0030383154609148420537653582447128)' (Star Sol)
3. (1.0905870349499817398048629211605 ± 0.00018025944492847952922209945619809)' (Planet Venus)
4. (50.115577292011611607058157849591 ± 0.00072639900116543009038607598428538)" (Planet Jupiter)
5. (25.700544451492779197449676308284 ± 0.00089158765308439455528175641371082)" (Planet Mars)
6. (20.710741843720512704721266748230 ± 0.0005166370410419963595958474095447)" (Planet Saturn)
7. (13.028474261955706245938397191101 ± 0.00084298180037579706377958565685282)" (Planet Mercury)
8. (4.0813037952907347294343994483903 ± 0.0006389298287894383982434815333879)" (Planet Uranus)
9. (2.3717005756662317185122893669135 ± 0.0023358462167698838697425224493574)" (Planet Neptune)
10. (1.8500081168516263639525877660944 ± 0.00021081697115976641880998036484687)" (Jovian Satellite Ganymede)
11. (1.6950999034452036167094676830048 ± 0.0010549338656223241325822742019151)" (Jovian Satellite Callisto)
12. (1.2758186006115165938918458891654 ± 0.000035409569728211189330416823094472)" (Jovian Satellite Io)
13. (1.0956010972639616311861538720115 ± 0.00035099902326891557679784173552623)" (Jovian Satellite Europa)
14. (0.92630435820787173323928340729414 ± 0.0059958010235239682526821091198236)" (Minor Planet Ceres)
15. (0.88573281563080150908143581596940 ± 0.00003509052596514345590963105473037)" (Saturnian Satellite Titan)
16. (0.75246410914813015641116728905938 ± 0.016972874643896973338196523745709)" (Minor Planet Pallas)
17. (0.69117155722191649628751546195186 ± 0.00012417891897229293892065704030910)" (Minor Planet Vesta)

Angular diameters of triaxial ellipsoids are calculated with the middle radius (second equatorial radius).

data

Sol

Star Sol.

• d_max = (1.5209124024768575482050243603340E11 ± 1000.0000049665280877186631511073) m = α_🜨 − r_min,🜨
• d_min = (1.4709206461346995481837104955408E11 ± 2236.0679886951370999630683009086) m = π_🜨 − r_max,🜨
• f = 0.00005
• r_e = (696342 ± 65) km
• r_p = (6.9630718290E8 ± 65368.698385839839208114704073318) m = −(f − 1)r_e

Jupiter

Planet Jupiter.

• α = 816.363E6 km
• d_max = (8.3040452153756847292476118693122E11 ± 983083.23687899791494756689430665) m = [math]\displaystyle{ \sqrt{\alpha^2+\alpha_\oplus^2}-r_{\mathrm{min},\oplus} }[/math]
• d_min = (5.8849101861346995481837104955408E11 ± 2.2360682011065874613956858897782E6) m = π − α_🜨 − r_max,🜨
• μ = 778.479E6 km
• π = (7.40595E11 ± 2.2360679774997896964091736687313E6) m = 2μ − α
• r = (69911 ± 6) km
• r_e = 71492 km
• r_p = (6.6749E7 ± 18110.770276274833253147616333968) m = 3r − 2r_e

Saturn

Planet Saturn.

• α = 1514.50E6 km
• d_max = (1.5221118807749727292166867603896E12 ± 9.9499497656418012341204540508955E6) m = [math]\displaystyle{ \sqrt{\alpha^2+\alpha_\oplus^2}-r_{\mathrm{min},\oplus} }[/math]
• d_min = (1.2004560186134699548183710495541E12 ± 2.2360679797358577847444035813535E7) m = π − α_🜨 − r_max,🜨
• μ = 1433.53E6 km
• π = (1.35256E12 ± 2.2360679774997896964091736687313E7) m = 2μ − α
• r = (58232 ± 6) km
• r_e = 60268 km
• r_p = (5.416E7 ± 18110.770276274833253147616333968) m = 3r − 2r_e

Uranus

Planet Uranus.

• α = 3.00639E9 km
• d_max = (3.0102286027007139677246575761559E12 ± 9.9872270455085920399321427528095E6) m = [math]\displaystyle{ \sqrt{\alpha^2+\alpha_\oplus^2}-r_{\mathrm{min},\oplus} }[/math]
• d_min = (2.5834500186134699548183710495541E12 ± 1.0198039076214605781486501623154E7) m = π − α_🜨 − r_max,🜨
• μ = 2.870972E9 km
• π = (2.735554E12 ± 1.0198039027185569660056448218046E7) m = 2μ − α
• r = (25362 ± 7) km
• r_e = (25559 ± 4) km
• r_p = (2.4968E7 ± 22472.205054244231864598140445491) m = 3r − 2r_e

Neptune

Planet Neptune.

• α = (4.537303418331E12 ± 1.495978707E9) m = 30.33 AU
• D_min = (4.3074085441804699548183710495541E12 ± 3.345110081744389954725670911498E9) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• μ = (4.498407971949E12 ± 1.495978707E9) m = 30.07 AU
• π = (4.459512525567E12 ± 3.3451100817442404828061181678871E9) m = 2μ − α
• r_e = (24764 ± 15) km

Terra

Planet Terra.

• α = 152097597 km
• f = 0.0033528106647474807198455286185206 ± 1.1241339353644443553823696996327E-14 = 298.257223563⁻¹
• h = +6263.47 m
• μ = 149598023 km
• φ = −(0.025641801411647532015402479952681 ± 1.7453292519943295769236907684886E-8)^r = −1.469167°
• π = (1.47098449E11 ± 2236.0679774997896964091736687313) m = 2μ − α
• r_e = 6378.1370 km
• r_max = (6.3843865300451816289504459171215E6 ± 0.22375682286241097235424315226049) m = √([{cos(φ)r_e²}² + {sin(φ)r_p²}²]/[{cos(φ)r_e}² + {sin(φ)r_p}²]) + h
• r_min = r_p = (6.3567523142451794975639665996337E6 ± 0.099664718933551041988577273088083) m = −(f − 1)a

Venus

Planet Venus.

• α = (1.089391142160591E11 ± 149597.8707) m = 0.728213 AU
• D_min = (3.8152950397410854818371049554083E10 ± 149614.58123466437589632427285545) m = π₀ − α − r_max,0
• m = (4867.5 ± 0.2)E21 kg
• P = (2.099715264E7 ± 8.64) s = 243.0226 d
• r = (6051.8 ± 1.0) km
• r_e = (6.0518001540473630205875615870764E6 ± 1000.0000254548036656428002788472) m = r([5n_π²r³/{3GmP²}] + 1)

Mars

Planet Mars.

• α = 249261000 km
• D_min = (5.4513750613469954818371049554083E10 ± 1.0000024999969000413077806658572E6) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• μ = 227939366 km
• π = (2.06617732E11 ± 1.000001999998000003999990000028E6) m = 2μ − α
• r_e = (3396.2 ± 0.1) km

Ganymede

Jovian Satellite Ganymede.

• α = 1071600 km
• D_min = (5.8741941861346995481837104955408E11 ± 2.2383031519434649777754012812165E6) m = d_min,Jupiter − α
• m = 1.4819E23 kg
• P = (618153.375744 ± 0.000864) s = 7.15455296 d
• r = (2634.1 ± 0.3) km
• r_e = (2.6343095368525535298979659694619E6 ± 300.02387325122667051910573765993) m = r([5n_π²r³/{3GmP²}] + 1)

Titan

Saturnian Satellite Titan.

• α = 1257060 km
• D_min = (1.1991989586134699548183710495541E12 ± 2.2360682033426441307778286882709E7) m = d_min,Saturn − α
• m = (1.3452 ± 0.0002)E23 kg
• P = (1.377648E6 ± 86.4) s = 15.945 d
• r = (2574.73 ± 0.09) km
• r_e = (2.5747724234666186838664982852257E6 ± 90.001483410749923414670832269485) m = r([5n_π²r³/{3GmP²}] + 1)

Mercury

Planet Mercury.

• α = (6.98168774620779E10 ± 149597.8707) m = 0.466697 AU
• D_min = (7.7275187151392054818371049554083E10 ± 149614.58123466437589632427285545) m = π₀ − α − r_max,0
• f = 0.0009
• r = (2439.4 ± 0.1) km
• r_e = (2.440498224200890400680306137762E6 ± 157.83692583384913207056767644741) m = −2r/(f − 2)

Callisto

Jovian Satellite Callisto.

• α = 1897000 km
• D_min = (5.8659401861346995481837104955408E11 ± 2.4494899469073250448631436724676E6) m = d_min,Jupiter − α
• m = (1.075938 ± 0.000137)E23 kg
• P = (1.44193118976E6 ± 0.00864) s = 16.6890184 d
• r = (2410.3 ± 1.5) km
• r_e = (2.4103371835504931845570782568187E6 ± 1500.0231420222554972182057151537) m = r([5n_π²r³/{3GmP²}] + 1)

Io

Jovian Satellite Io.

• α = 423400 km
• D_min = (5.8806761861346995481837104955408E11 ± 2.2383031519434649777754012812165E6) m = d_min,Jupiter − α
• r_e,b = (1.8187E6 ± 50) m = (3637.4 km)/2

Luna

Terran Satellite Luna.

• D_min = (3.5001561346995481837104955408288E8 ± 100000.00000025033557888708846853) m = π_min − r_max,0
• π_min = 356400 km
• r_e = 1738.1 km

Europa

Jovian Satellite Europa.

• α = 676938 km
• D_min = (5.8781408061346995481837104955408E11 ± 2.2360684247133516703616997354357E6) m = d_min,Jupiter − α
• m = 4.79984E22 kg
• P = (306822.0384 ± 0.0864) s = 3.551181 d
• r = (1560.8 ± 0.5) km
• r_e = (1.5611236919764961281816837445995E6 ± 500.10379105762958101929535520387) m = r([5n_π²r³/{3GmP²}] + 1)

Triton

Neptunian Satellite Triton.

• α = (3.54764676144E8 ± 1061.077729639539649875635565355) m = (e + 1)μ
• D_min = (4.3070537795043259548183710495541E12 ± 3.3451100817445582430511405849429E9) m = d_min,Neptune − α
• δ_e,max = (0.12964301445610937405886506320230 ± 0.00013255405415211872345259729107566)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• e = 0.000016
• m = (2.1389 ± 0.0028)E22 kg
• μ = 354759 km
• P = (507760.1856 ± 0.0864) s = 5.876854 d
• r = (1353.4 ± 0.9) km
• r_e = (1.3535499476595055629104446323691E6 ± 900.09978509397542743014661489434) m = r([5n_π²r³/{3GmP²}] + 1)

Pluto

Minor Planet Pluto.

• α = 7.37593E9 km
• D_min = (4.2847260186134699548183710495541E12 ± 2.2360679797358577847444035813535E7) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• δ_e,max = (0.11442039523774482823901011264408 ± 0.000077033637152452133799197524223804)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• m = (1.3025 ± 0.0006)E22 kg
• μ = 5.90638E9 km
• P = (551856.672 ± 0.0864) s = 6.387230 d
• π = (4.43683E12 ± 2.2360679774997896964091736687313E7) m = 2μ − α
• r = (1188.3 ± 0.8) km
• r_e = (1.1884238844601665333822436493119E6 ± 800.08344398125573239541609846271) m = r([5n_π²r³/{3GmP²}] + 1)

Titania

Uranian Satellite Titania.

• α = (4.363895010E8 ± 44725.780060273962761153068913132) m = (e + 1)μ
• D_min = (2.5830136291124699548183710495541E12 ± 1.0198137153196266465042571925247E7) m = d_min,Uranus − α
• δ_e,max = (0.12592207643833554251135657615094 ± 0.000095832468162855897894667048059053)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• e = 0.0011
• m = (3.4550 ± 0.0509)E21 kg
• μ = 435910 km
• P = (752218.6176 ± 0.0864) s = 8.706234 d
• r = (788.4 ± 0.6) km
• r_e = (788448.70718447305101466061189134 ± 600.03750723732683370355217787133) m = r([5n_π²r³/{3GmP²}] + 1)

Rhea

Saturnian Satellite Rhea.

• α = (5.277712599964E8 ± 1002.6448083721024284511827755561) m = (e + 1)μ
• D_min = (1.1999282473534735548183710495541E12 ± 2.2360679819837693428021622512036E7) m = d_min,Uranus − α
• δ_e,b,max = (0.26224700443933629069282618928564 ± 0.000017870938636195757578407958897337)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• e = 0.0012583
• μ = 527108 km
• r_e,b = (762800 ± 50) m = (1525.6 km)/2

Iapetus

Saturnian Satellite Iapetus.

• α = (3.659387770584E9 ± 10282.979105009792832064687157625) m = (e + 1)μ
• D_min = (1.1967966308428859548183710495541E12 ± 2.2360682161769111021879173825542E7) m = d_min,Saturn − α
• δ_e,max = (0.25714234397864741689302828177689 ± 0.000017891855224446917628298178731762)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• e = 0.0276812
• μ = 3560820 km
• r_e = (746000 ± 50) m = (1492.0 km)/2

Ceres

Minor Planet Ceres.

• D_min = (2.1421333263914595481837104955408E11 ± 1.3858488689381482206124694225818E9) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• e = 0.116
• μ = (4.14386101839E11 ± 1.495978707E9) m = 2.77 AU
• π = (3.66317314025676E11 ± 1.3858488689377874308927240594534E9) m = (1 − e)μ
• r_e,b = (481000 ± 100) m = ([962.0 ± 0.2] km)/2

Vesta

Minor Planet Vesta.

• D_min = (1.6628396935615610701237104955408E11 ± 1.3937551864984601676427401574957E6) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• e = 0.098758
• μ = (3.53276867636757E11 ± 1.495978707E6) m = 2.36151 AU
• π = (3.18387950742686152194E11 ± 1.3937548277553363927812064795903E6) m = (1 − e)μ
• r_e,b = (278600 ± 50) m = (557.2 km)/2

Pallas

Minor Planet Pallas.

• D_min = (1.4583137665894186108381104955408E11 ± 42835.810460907372898385327366829) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• e = 0.2812580
• μ = (4.1452337284515432E11 ± 14959.78707) m = 2.7709176 AU
• π = (2.9793535804547190626544E11 ± 42824.136392841763911853830943063) m = (1 − e)μ
• r_e,b = (266000 ± 6000) m = ([532 ± 12] km)/2

Hygiea

Minor Planet Hygiea.

• D_min = (2.5416712890433203721837104955408E11 ± 4.7018145369079983416485072354168E7) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• δ_e,b,max = (0.34895884085642794334252320577349 ± 0.0081155786230332483023028347131361)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• e = 0.1356
• μ = (4.7000359820784600E11 ± 1.495978707E6) m = 3.14178 AU
• π = (4.06271110290862082400E11 ± 4.7018145358445790571037145847674E7) m = (1 − e)μ
• r_e,b = (215000 ± 5000) m = ([430 ± 10] km)/2

Interamnia

Minor Planet Interamnia.

• α = 528 Gm
• D_min = (2.3429601861346995481837104955408E11 ± 1.0198039027190472563680375871356E9) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• δ_e,b,max = (0.30636522549030376051566194015575 ± 0.0071680086934872835122149192626709)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• μ = 457.2 Gm
• π = (3.864E11 ± 1.0198039027185569660056448218046E9) m = 2μ − α
• r_e,b = (174000 ± 4000) m = ([348 ± 8] km)/2

Davida

Minor Planet Davida.

• α = (5.623383959613E11 ± 1.495978707E8) m = 3.759 AU
• D_min = (2.3191375270036995481837104955408E11 ± 3.3451100817591876747613594681338E8) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• δ_e,b,max = (0.26148450590163578376496130902861 ± 0.0018183519488171012974178530212999)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• μ = (4.731780650241E11 ± 1.495978707E8) m = 3.163 AU
• π = (3.840177340869E11 ± 3.3451100817442404828061181678871E8) m = 2μ − α
• r_e,b = (147000 ± 1000) m = ([294 ± 2] km)/2

Eunomia

Minor Planet Eunomia.

• α = 469 Gm
• D_min = (1.6996955887506995481837104955408E11 ± 1.0437998331446962221295594512127E9) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• δ_e,b,max = (0.30945262164076352844160432509796 ± 0.018302025092013898866195236722060)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• μ = (3.955367701308E11 ± 1.495978707E8) m = 2.644 AU
• π = (3.220735402616E11 ± 1.0437998331442172030598520886818E9) m = 2μ − α
• r_e,b = (127500 ± 7500) m = ([255 ± 15] km)/2

Juno

Minor Planet Juno.

• D_min = (1.4489601861346995481837104955408E11 ± 1.0000000000500000025021057887489E8) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• δ_p,max = (0.35588418546778994157428432646140 ± 0.0071219202030624044772353466753741)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• π = 297.0 Gm
• r_e,b = (125000 ± 2500) m = ([250 ± 5] km)/2

Bamberga

Minor Planet Bamberga.

• α = 537.718 Gm
• D_min = (1.1271601861346995481837104955408E11 ± 2.2360682011065874613956858897782E6) m = π − α₀ − r_max,0
• δ_p,max = (0.41539890775119500822400183187286 ± 0.0054898595913885011434361461216848)" = 2asin(r_p/d_min)
• μ = 401.269 Gm
• π = (2.6482E11 ± 2.2360679774997896964091736687313E6) m = 2μ − α
• r = (113500 ± 1500) m = ([227 ± 3] km)/2

formulae

• δ_p,max = 2asin(r_p/d_min) = maximum polar angular diameter
• d_min,S,0 = π_S,0 − r_max,0 = minimum distance of Terran satellite
• d_min,P,inf = π₀ − α_P,inf − r_max,0 = minimum distance of inferior planet
• d_min,P,sup = π_P,sup − α₀ − r_max,0 = minimum distance of superior planet
• d_min,S,sup = d_min,P,sup − α_S,sup = minimum distance of superior satellite

constants

• G = 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg² = gravitational constant